Mango (Mangifera Indica) Leaves Extract and Coconut Oil as an Antibacterial Ointment

mango (genus genus genus genus Mangifera indica) leaves take and coco Oil as an Anti b per mannikinanceeriuml Ointment A Science fact-finding Project of Kristifany C. Mamba Bansud National High School- topical anaestheticityal Science High School for Region IV MIMAROPA Pag-asa, Bansud, Oriental Mindoro Abstract The purpose of this admit is to produce an bacteriacide ointment out of mango leaves selection and coconut tree embrocate. Young mango tree tree leaves were ga the red-faced and was chopped into sm whole pieces. 50 mL of coconut crude was put in a frying pan. Then, the chopped mango leaves was added to the coconut oil colour. It was mixed for 10 minutes.Next, the small bits of mango leaves were extractd from the coconut oil. Lastly, atomic number 48 wax was added to the concoction. It was stirred again thoroughly. The solution was transferred into an empty container and left to cool down down. The mango leaves extract with coconut oil was tested at the place of Plant Industry. It was tested against the bacteria E. coli and S. aureus. The resulting Numerical value was 2. 5 for E. coli and 3. 0 for S. aureus. The bureau utilize the standard parameter 1-2- s glintly inhibited and 3-5 as partially inhibited. Thus, the inhibition of the mango leaves extract and coconut oil in E. oli was slight and it is partial in S. aureus. The researcher concluded that mango leaves extract with coconut oil do- nonhing assassinate bacteria exchange equal to(p) E. coli and S. aureus. It nominate also be concluded that it bunghole help contuses heal sudden because of its antibacterial property. Chapter I Introduction Background of the Study The Philippines occupy umpteen different herbal tea plants that can cure different illness like body pain, toothache, arthritis, and some other diseases. The herbal plants we brook contain helpful constituents and properties that can cure different kinds of diseases.We can make useful product make from these pl ant and other materials. Nowadays, many herbal plants argon be ascertained with more uses. Many companies use herbal plants to make ointments, tablets, coffee or teas. Ointments argon very useful in treating different kind of traumas. The occupation of ointments from herbal plants found in our country can help us minimize our dependence on the use of soaring cost ointments. The herbal plant must have anti- unhealthy, anti-allergenic and antibacterial properties to produce an effective ointment. approximately(prenominal) of the wounds are infected by the joint bacteria like Escherichia coli. As the wounds go deeper and become more abstruse they can infect the implicit in(p) muscles and bone ca employ osteomyelitis. Coliforms and anaerobes are associated with osteomyelitis in those deal who have infected wounds. You also see the bacteria staphylococci aureus in the infected wound. local anesthetic factors that increase chances of wound infection are having large wound area, increase wound depth, degree of continuingity, the body, necrotic tissue, and mechanism of injury (bites, perforated viscus). (Neal R. Chamberlain. n. . ) The mango leaves (Mangifera indica) and coconut oil possesses antibacterial activity against different bacteria. (Research Update of mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ). coconut meat and olive oils are traditionally utilise to moisturize and treat skin infections. Extensive research done by scientists such as Jon J Kabara, PhD, has shown that the Lauric acid found in Coconut Oil is a potent antimicrobial agent. Lauric acid is a major component (49%) of Coconut oil. It has also been found to overcome the H. Pylori bacteriain the stomach which are responsible for many stomach problems such as ulcers.The good thing about Lauric acid is that it doesnt kill favorable bacteria in the stomach. Antibiotics kill both good and bad bacteria in the stomach and often need to be followed with probiotics such as acidophilus bacteria to r eplenish friendly bacteria in the gut. Objectives General Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil have anti-bacterial contents which can help remove the infection on the wounds. This study aimed to produce an ointment which can kill the bacteria and cure different types of wounds out of Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil. particularisedThis research study was conducted to determine if mango leaves extract and coconut oil can be made into an ointment and if it can help wound heal faster. Statement of the Problem Specifically, this study ought to answer the following questions 1. burn down the ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves extracts and coconut oil kill the bacteria in the wounds? 2. Can the Mangifera indica leaves extract and coconut oil be made into an ointment? 3. Can the ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil extract help the wound to heal faster? possibleness 1.The ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves extracts and coconut oil can kill bacteria in the wounds. 2. The extract of Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil can be made into an ointment for curing wounds. Significance of the Study This study greatly benefits the people in the community who cannot afford to buy pricy ointment for wounds. It can also benefit the hospitals and in small clinics. The supernumerary medication in curing wounds can help a mountain to save a life. It has significance to those who were far from the store or drug store because they can cure our wounds without taking too long from purchase ointments from far drugstores.It can be also a source of income for the people in provinces. Scope and Limitation This study was limited precisely on the achievement of ointments from mango leaves extracts and coconut oil. The ointment produced from mango leaves extracts and coconut oil focuses on killing the bacteria in the wounds. It was limited to use if there is irritation on the skin after the application of the ointment. For the patien ts who have culture medium skin should ask permission from a doctor before using the ointment. Chapter II Review of Related literary productions Review of Related LiteratureAntibacterial Pertaining to a substance that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth or replication. Antibiotics synthesized chemically or derived from various microorganisms exert their bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect by interfering with the production of the bacterial plasma environ by interfering with protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, or plasma membrane fairness or by inhibiting critical biosynthetic path behaviors in the bacteria. (2009, Elsevier. ) E. coli E. coliis a common type ofbacteriathat can get into food, like beef and vegetables. E. oliis slight for the health check termEscherichia coli. E. colinormally lives inside your intestines, where it helps your body break down and corroborate the food you eat. Unfortunately, certain types (called strains) ofE. colican get from the intes tines into the blood. This is a rare illness, still it can cause a very serious infection. (Steven Dowshen, MD, August 2009) S. aureus staph (staph) are Gram-positive spherical bacteria that occur in microscopic clusters resembling grapes. Bacteriological culture of the nose and skin of normal mankinds eer yields staphylococci.In 1884, Rosenbach described the two pigmented colony types of staphylococci and proposed the appropriate wordsStaphylococcus aureus(yellow) andStaphylococcus albus(white). The latter species is now namedStaphylococcus epidermidis. Although more than 20 species ofStaphylococcusare described in Bergeys Manual (2001), onlyStaphylococcus aureusandStaphylococcus epidermidisare significant in their inter live up tos with graciouss. S. aureuscolonizes main(prenominal)ly the nasal passages, yet it may be found regularly in most other anatomical locales, including the skin, oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. S. ureusis often hemolytic on blood agarS. epid ermidisis non hemolytic. The bacteria are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. S. aureuscan grow at a temperature range of 15 to 45 degrees and at NaCl concentrations as high as 15 percent. Nearly all strains ofS. aureusproduce the enzyme coagulase tight all strains ofS. epidermidislack this enzyme. S. aureusshould always be considered a potential difference pathogen most strains ofS. epidermidisare nonpathogenic and may even play a protective role in humans as normal flora. Staphylococcus epidermidismay be a pathogen in the hospital environment. Pathogenesis ofS. aureusinfectionsStaphylococcus aureuscauses a variety of suppurative (pus-forming) infections and toxinoses in humans. It causes superficial skin lesions such asboils,styesandfuruncules more serious infections such aspneumonia, mastitis, phlebitis,meningitis, andurinary tract infections and deep-seated infections, such asosteomyelitisandendocarditis. S. aureusis a major cause ofhospital acquired (nosocomial) infection of surgical wounds and infections associated with indwelling medical devices. S. aureuscausesfood poisoningby releasing enterotoxins into food, andtoxic shock syndromeby release of superantigens into the blood stream. S. ureusexpresses many potentialvirulence factors (1) rise proteins that lift colonization of armament tissues (2) invasins that promote bacterial spread in tissues (leukocidin,kinases,hyaluronidase) (3) surface factors that inhibit phagocytic engulfment (capsule,Protein A) (4) biochemical properties that enhance their survival in phagocytes (carotenoids,catalase production) (5) immunologic disguises (Protein A,coagulase) (6) membrane-damaging toxins that lyse eucaryotic cell membranes (hemolysins, leukotoxin, leukocidin (7) exotoxins that ill-treat host tissues or otherwise tease symptoms of disease (SEA-G,TSST,ET) and (8) inherent and acquired resistance to antimicrobial agents. Membrane-damaging toxins alpha toxin (alpha-hemolysin)The best characterized and mo st potent membrane-damaging toxin ofS. aureusis alpha toxin. It is expressed as a monomer that follows to the membrane of unprotected cells. Subunits then oligomerize to form heptameric rings with a central pore by means of which cellular contents leak.In humans, platelets and monocytes are particularly sensitive to alpha toxin. Susceptible cells have a specific receptor for alpha toxin which allows the toxin to bind causing small pores through which monovalent cations can pass. The mode of action of alpha hemolysin is likely by osmotic lysis. ?-toxinis a sphingomyelinase which redress membranes rich in this lipid. The classical test for ? -toxin is lysis of sheep erythrocytes. The majority of human isolates ofS. aureusdo not express ? -toxin. A lysogenic bacteriophage is known to encode the toxin. (2008 Kenneth Todar, PhD) delta toxinis a very small peptide toxin produced by most strains ofS. aureus. It is also produced byS. epidermidis.The role of delta toxin in disease is unkn own. Leukocidinis a multicomponent protein toxin produced as separate components which act together to damage membranes. Leukocidin forms a hetero-oligomeric transmembrane pore composed of cardinal LukF and four LukS subunits, thereby forming an octameric pore in the affected membrane. Leukocidin is hemolytic, but less so than alpha hemolysin. Only 2% of all ofS. aureusisolates express leukocidin, but nearly 90% of the strains isolated from severe dermonecrotic lesions express this toxin, which suggests that it is an important factor in necrotizing skin infections. (2008 Kenneth Todar, PhD) Wound HealingWound mend is a complex process with many potential factors that can delay healing. there is change magnitude interest in the set up of bacteria on the processes of wound healing. all(a) chronic wounds are colonized by bacteria, with low levels of bacteria being beneficial to the wound healing process. Wound infection is detrimental to wound healing, but the diagnosis and managem ent of wound infection is controversial, and varies surrounded by clinicians. There is increasing recognition of the concept of critical colonization or local infection, when wound healing may be delayed in the absence seizure of the typical clinical features of infection. The progression from ound colonization to infection depends not only on the bacterial count or the species move over, but also on the host immune chemical reaction, the number of different species present, the virulence of the organisms and synergistic interactions between the different species. There is increasing evidence that bacteria within chronic wounds live within biofilm communities, in which the bacteria are protected from host defences and develop resistance to antibiotic treatment. (Edwards R,Harding KG Apr. 17, 2004) Bacteria and Wounds Bacteria are ubiquitous in the geography of the human body. In the skin, the average human being harbors at least 200 species of bacteria, totaling more than 1012 or ganisms. Therefore, when the skin is impoverished by trauma or disease, bacteria are also ubiquitous in wounds. When discussing the presence of bacteria in an open wound of a human host, three conditions are noted with respect to their presence on or in the tissue, their opposition on the healing of the wound, and the associated immune chemical reaction from the host. The first condition is bacterial contamination or the simple foundation of bacteria on the surface of the wound. Contamination is specifically defined as the presence of non-proliferating organisms on the superficial tissues. Contaminating bacteria do not elicit an immune retort from the host and do not impact the healing process.The second condition, bacterial colonization, is differentiated from contamination in that it refers to proliferating organisms on the wound surface bacteria that have adhered to the superficial tissues and have begun to form colonies. Colonization is also characterized by a lack of immu ne reply from the host and generally is not believed to impact or interfere with the healing process. 2 Wounds that contain nonviable tissue (ie, slough and/or eschar) asseverate a particularly hospitable environment for colonization because the dead tissues endure a ready source of nutrients for the growing bacterial colonies. In the terzetto condition, bacterial infection, proliferating bacteria are not only present on the surface of the wound or in nonviable tissue, but have also invaded healthy, viable tissue to such a depth and bound that they elicit an immune response from the host.Local clinical signs of tissue redness, pain, heat, and hunk generally characterize this immune response, along with an increase in exude production or purulence. Bacterial infection delays and may even curb the healing process. The mechanism of this healing delay involves competition between host cells and bacterial cells for oxygen and nutrients and increased host cell production of inflam matory cytokines and proteases in response to the bacteria and their associated toxins. (Liza Ovington, PhD, CWS, n. d) Related studies In the research update of mango and mango leaf extract, effects of a natural extract from Mangifera indica L, and its active compound, mangiferin, on energy stir and lipid peroxidation of red blood cells.Following oxidative stress, modifications of several biologically important macromolecules have been demonstrated. In this study they investigated the effect of a natural extract from Mangifera indica L (Vimang), its main ingredient mangiferin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on energy metabolism, energy state and malondialdehyde (MDA) production in a red blood cell system. compendium of MDA, high energy phosphates and ascorbate was carried out by high performance crystalline chromatography (HPLC). Under the look intoal conditions, concentrations of MDA and ATP catabolites were affected in a dose-dependent way by H(2)O(2). Incubation with Vim ang (0. , 1, 10, 50 and 100 cross/mL), mangiferin (1, 10, 100 mug/mL) and EGCG (0. 01, 0. 1, 1, 10 muM) significantly enhances erythrocyte resistance to H(2)O(2)- investd reactive oxygen species production. In particular, they demonstrate the protective activity of these compounds on ATP, GTP and total nucleotides (NT) depletion after H(2)O(2)- bring forth damage and a reduction of NAD and ADP, which both increase because of the energy pulmonary tuberculosis following H(2)O(2) addition. Energy charge potential, decreased in H(2)O(2)- inured erythrocytes, was also restored in a dose-dependent way by these substances. Their protective effects might be related to the strong free radical scavenging ability described for polyphenols. Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Mangifera indica L. extract consists of a defined mixture of components (polyphenols, terpenoids, steroids, fatty acids and microelements). It contains a variety of polyphenols, phenolic esters, flavan-3-ols and a xant hone (mangiferin), as main component. This extract has antioxidant action, antitumor and immunemodulatory effects proved in experimental models in both in vitro and in vivo assays. The present study was performed to investigate the genotoxicity potential activity of Vimang assessed through different tests Ames, Comet and micronucleus assays. Positive and negative controls were included in each experimental series.Histidine requiring mutants of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100 and TA102 strains for point-mutation tests and in vitro micronucleus assay in primary human lymphocytes with and without metabolic activation were performed. Results of Comet assay show that the extract did not induce single strand breaks or alkali-labile sites on blood peripheral lymphocytes of treated animals compared with controls. On the other hand, the results of the micronucleus studies (in vitro and in vivo) show Vimang induces cytotoxic activity, determined as cell viability or PCE/NCE ratio, but neither increased the frequency of micronucleated binucleated cells in culture of human lymphocytes nor in mice bone marrow cells chthonian their experimental conditions.The positive control chemicals included in each experiment induced the expected changes. The present results indicate that M. indica L. extract show evidences of light cytotoxic activity but did not induce a mutagenic or genotoxic effects in the battery of assays used. (Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Anti-allergic properties of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and contribution of its glucosylxanthone mangiferin. Vimang is the brand name of formulations containing an extract of Mangifera indica L. , ethnopharmacologically used in Cuba for the treatment of some immunopathological disorders, including bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and other allergic diseases.However, the effects of Vimang on allergic response have not been reported until now. In this study, the effects of Vimang a nd mangiferin, a C-glucosylxanthone isolated from the extract, on different parameters of allergic response are reported. Vimang and mangiferin show a significant dose-dependent inhibition of IgE production in mice and anaphylaxis reaction in rats, histamine-induced vascular permeability and the histamine release induced by compound 48/80 from rat mast cells, and of lymphocyte proliferative response as evidence of the reduction of the amount of B and T lymphocytes able to contribute to allergic response. In these experiments, ketotifen, promethazine and isodium cromoglicate were used as interview drugs. Furthermore, they demonstrated that Vimang had an effect on an in-vivo model of inflammatory allergy negociate by mast cells. These results constitute the first report of the anti-allergic properties of Vimang on allergic models, as well as suggesting that this natural extract could be successfully used in the treatment of allergic disorders. Mangiferin, the major compound of Viman g, contributes to the anti-allergic effects of the extract. (Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Anti-inflammatory, moderating and hypoglycemic effects of Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark sedimentary extract. forward studies in their laboratories and elsewhere have shown that some members of Anacardiaceae family possess antiinflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects in man and mammalian experimental animals. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to examine the antiinflammatory, analgesic and antidiabetic properties of the stem-bark aqueous extract of Mangifera indica Linn. , M. indica a member of the Anacardiaceae family, in rats and mice. The stem-bark powder of M. indica was Soxhlet extracted with distilled water and used. M. indica stem-bark aqueous extract (MIE, 50-800 mg/kg i. p. ) produced dose-dependent and significant (p