Tuesday, April 30, 2019

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE OFFICE MARKET IN FRANCE AND GERMANY Essay

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE OFFICE MARKET IN FRANCE AND GERMANY - Essay ExampleThe latest realty boom period started around the last fiscal run of year 2002. The technology bubble bust of the late 90s had passed and the rippling effect of the terrorist contingency of September 11, 2009 had waned. Both these issues that were negatively weighing down on economies worldwide had somewhat moved to the background. That is when throng started taking an advantage of the then financial boom and locateed heavily into the real estate market place, both residential and commercial. And that is when huge banks with their billion dollar profits started lending to sub-prime realty market to maximize their profits during the financial boom time.The financial turmoil or the bubble burst in commercial realty arena especially the office market, has been substantial. Europe saw its first ever GDP decline for 2 consecutive quarters. The largest of the European economies of France and Germany were als o not spared the onslaught.France has a stable government system, clear tax policy, piteous corruption and a prolific cultural tradition. All these elements offer investors a great opportunity to invest at a time when French real estate is depressed not because of its inherent financial strength but because of a global financial turmoil. Commercial real estate in France is in a period of significant re-pricing.France offers office space options mainly in and around Paris, the greater Lyon realm and the Bordeaux region. The rates in regions other than Paris offer competitive choices to investors who are planning to invest in office space at these emerging locations, which are better priced and offer a great investment opportunity.Paris Region covers 12,000 km and claims to be Europes biggest commercial real estate offer, much more in front of London for office space and having almost 49 million m of office space. Office market trends in the Paris region vary for different distric ts (Paris region,

Monday, April 29, 2019

Business in USA before Wal-Mart Opened Assignment

Business in USA before Wal-Mart undecided - Assignment ExampleAlthough the major stores had different items for customers to choose from earlier on, Wal-Mart took this a step further. This can be clearly seen in todays world where people prefer to shop in supermarkets. This is all important(p) since it allows customers to compare substitute goods in relation to price and quality hence settling for the most satisfying. Wal-Mart has a wide range of goods ranging from simple everyday necessities to seemingly luxurious items such as expensive watches. As such, the schema of having a wide variety welcomes all people whether rich or middle class. The retail industry has hence changed business strategies such that most successful businesses provide a wide range of products. Furthermore, Wal-Marts culture of weekly meetings has provided players within and outside the industry a new business strategy especially in relation to management. Although, the culture of the weekly Saturday meetin gs may not be still in play, Wal-Mart certainly brought in an effective business strategy. This culture instilled an entrepreneurial spirit and allowed people to view decentralised management as a possible strategy. Earlier on organizational management was mainly alter mostly with only one annual employee meeting. Additionally, the culture united workers making Wal-Mart and other firms that adopted the technique solid due to employee loyalty and retention. As such, Wal-Mart made an important contribution not only to the retail industry but also across all other industries.

Sunday, April 28, 2019

CONTRACT LAW ASSIGNMENT 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CONTRACT lawfulness ASSIGNMENT 5 - Essay ExampleGoods should be of satisfactory quality, fit for the purpose, and should be as description. Goods change must be conform to signalize fit for the quality and satisfactory for the intended use of customer. They should be dur up to(p), safe, devoid of kid defects. (Sale of Goods act, 1979, Supply of Goods Act, 1982, The Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations, 2002).Under Consumer Protection Act 1987, or downstairs common law, disdain t here being no contractual relationship between Mary and manufacturer she would be able to travel along the manufacturer for negligence while manufacturing and endangering her life. Also she could pursue the retailer, or breach of contract under SGA.All the guarantees are leg totallyy binding and will stand in a Court of Law. simply the clause that any further injury or damage caused by their faulty goods would not be entertained by them will not stand in a court of law. They might retur n written that for their own security department it need not necessarily be a legal verdict. In this case the alarm has caused extensive damage within a day and Mary can corroborate that she was not at fault and did not misuse the alarm in any way. Hence, the protection clause the retailer will not protect him because it will be read as unfair contract terms and thus, will have no legal standing.Misrepresen (d) What damages could Mary possibly recover as a result of the incident, if any Misrepresentation Act of 1967 can be used here, along with address Description Act 1968. Mary can lease compensation for the damage caused by unsafe goods including bruise and personal injury. As she herself has bought the goods, she can claim from either the trader or manufacturer. Mary in all probability has to go to court to get compensation because this is a complex legal area and it is needed to have legal advice. Mary can to go Citizens Advice Bureau which would be helpful..(e) If Mary de cided to pursue an action to recover damages, in what Court would she start her action and why It should have been the Small Claims Court, if the claim is less than 5,000. (f) Would the position be any different if Jane was Marys Mother and Jane had served her when she bought the AlarmNo. Even if Jane was Marys mother, she would be part of Square Deal Electrics and a trader while serving a customer, whoever it is. Relationship does not make any difference unless it is a private sale and if it is one, law renders least amount of protection on faulty goods. Mary is entitled to ask for the contract money to be returned. Due to radical faults in goods, there had been extensive damage not only for Marys property, but also for her friends gold watch, so this case reaches a different parameter. Under this context, it is not possible to ask for a replacement or repair. Onus is always on the purchaser to prove that goods are faulty beyond doubt and here it is not a problem to prove it. Good s should be fit

Saturday, April 27, 2019

EXPERIENCES OF NURSES WORKING IN PALLIATIVE CARE Dissertation

EXPERIENCES OF NURSES WORKING IN PALLIATIVE CARE - Dissertation Example(Harris, Flowers, Noble, 2011) In a qualitative study by (Brajtman, Higuchi, McPherson, 2006) they looked into the matter related to the challenges the nurses face in palliative share, to explore their experiences in caring for patients with terminal delirium and their families. This qualitative research will emphasize the importance of qualitative interviews as most powerful method for deriveing the experiences and meanings related to the topic. This study was conducted in a palliative dispense unit located in a large Canadian city hospital for 5 nurses running(a) in an interdisciplinary palliative care unit and 4 nurses form palliative home care nursing team located in the same city. Few interview questions have been generated for the nurses to proceed with the qualitative study. Based on the questions results which has been found are like most of the participants said that they experience distress sequence caring for palliative care patients. They said that if they gather convenient skills and knowledge in the identification and diagnosis they can help to support the patient in better way and family during disturbed conditions. Understanding the strange nursing experience is very much central in the process of providing the nurses with required support to maintain them strong and help them to provide care in challenging situations. Nurses also identified their team members as most major source of support. They also mentioned that effective teamwork would help them to deal with palliative care patients and their families more(prenominal) efficiently. T here(predicate) is need for proper pedagogics and training for the nurses to face challenges with palliative care patients. Lack of education may experience in serious stress for these nurses in care of the dying people and their families. It is important to check that nurses should receive appropriate knowledge, skills and suppor t to care for this patient (Brajtman, Higuchi, McPherson, 2006, pp.6-7). Thus from this study we can understand that proper opportunities should be provided to the nurses so that they can face challenges confidently. The support of organization, teammates and family will enhance the quality of care. The phone number of sample chosen here is very small. A primary research should contain minimum 20 samples to carry on with a proper research. But here amount is very small which is not very good to conduct a research. A larger sample would have been beneficial to dumbfound greater depth of data as there was no clear evidence to overcome the challenges. White, et al (2004) found similar trends in his study. He explored with qualitative descriptive study using semi structure interviews with nurses caring for palliative care patients. Here 9 experienced palliative care nurses were interviewed. The participants here explained nearly their experience and challenges they face regularly. T he nurses reported that they have enormous impact on their work and personal lives. The nurses here describe about two types of sufferings, physical and emotional or psychological. Most of the nurses reported here that they fork out their best to relieve a patients suffering and when they cannot help the patient with such condition they get a feeling of helplessness, distress, frustration and a sense of failure. Some of the nurses also mentioned that they did not want to dwell with those things and therefore tried to go back home with a fresh

Friday, April 26, 2019

Moral Skepticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Moral Skepticism - Essay congressmanIllness of the mind causes brain dysfunction (Graham). Grahams view of antirealism is that the term moral and derange are separate and must always be viewed in dualism. Mental exactlyt endnot be viewed in a disorderly form since they are always arranged in a particular way. Thus, it is a pass on of mind function that can be used to describe how a individual behaves.Moral anti-realism is the defense team of the fact that mental disorders bring almost the moral change of a person. A fact that has been forwarded is that mental complaint is a dualistic activity that the physicians call metaphysical scepticism. They also argue that mental illness is indefensible and thus cannot be argued against it. Therefore, an ill person will have to behave in much(prenominal) a way that he does not respect other people in the society (Graham). The assembly line is that the persons brains are not medically fit and cannot be questioned. The state of questi oning lacks because it is the brain that controls the behaviour. Given that the person mind are alright, it is the disease of the brain that will transform a person to behave the way he or she does.Thomas Szasz argues that determining and terming a person as mentally disordered is disrespectful. Indeed. He argues that the brain demoralises their dignity as human. The reason of his argument is that the mental illness can be likened to physical illness thereby exposing the sick to various contestable experiments in terms of the value of the person. The social-political character that the person get exposed to be unfairly judged since mental disorder or sickness cannot be compared with the physical destruction of the body. The mentally ill people are thus considered as a lesser human being who do not attract respect from the society. Therefore, it is the moral procedural that they lack, but not sickness as the no medicine can be administered to restore the order of the brain. The ide a is

Thursday, April 25, 2019

Electronic Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Electronic Commerce - quiz ExampleMoreover, new sales and distribution channels may appear for Franke thanks to E-commerce.EC digest reduce the cycle time to produce Frankes washroom products. It can also enhance productivity and change magnitude the time needed to present the products into the market. The fork over mountain train management of Franke will be effective with stripped delays. Moreover, the company can decrease the inventory and so can lower the cost for the inventory. The costs for administrative tasks and sometimes intermediaries in the supply chain are also reduced.The organizations supply chain may be simplified in which the size of the supply chain is reduced. Franke can work more(prenominal) closely with its smaller group of suppliers in a focused supply chain evolved from applying E-commerce. Tight conglutination is a method for ensuring that suppliers precisely deliver the ordered parts, at a specific time and finicky location. (Laudon, 2007) It will e nhance Frankes logistical activities which are very important for the company to provide the proper products with right quantities to the right locations at the right time.In addition to supply chain improvements, the supply chain management establishment of the organization can also be upgraded. EC makes SCM systems consistently linked the processes of supply chain such as purchasing, producing and distributing products from suppliers to consumers. Franke can integrate the demands for its equipment and enter them into the order entry system. A Franke histrion assembles the equipment, packages them, make them tagged using RFID, etc, and then distributes them to the customer. The delivery process is monitored and tracked by Frankes SCM system to get the latest information of order status.Most B2B E-commerce is an adaption of EDI or is based on EDI principles. (Deitel, Deitel & Nieto, 2001) EDI stands for electronic info interchange and it can minimize the cost,

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Comparison of the Scientific Philosophies of Kuhn, Duhen and Lauden Essay

Comparison of the Scientific Philosophies of Kuhn, Duhen and Lauden - essay ExampleTherefore, his philosophy will be examined first. Duhem posits that hypotheses are not straightforwardly refuted by experiment and that on that point are no crucial experiments in accomplishment. (Wikipedia, 10/19/11) This agent that a hypothesis cannot be directly disproved by being part of an experiment. There are several possible reasons which support this theory. First, Duhem full treatment on the presumption that experiments are conducted by humans, who are fallible. Therefore, the results they produce will not be perfect. This means that experiments in science are inherently flawed, which devalues the results of said experiments. Duhem would go on to set the stage for the theories of Kuhn and Lauden, because Duhem presents the mentation that hypothesis, experiment, and fact are not inextricably linked. Kuhn and Lauden dig deeper to consider the reasons why. Thomas Kuhn makes the point that science has include bodies of belief quite incompatible with the ones we hold today. (Kuhn, 238) The premise here is that one generations science is another generations bunk. Certainly, history is full of examples of past beliefs which have fallen out of dash with the advent of scientific knowledge and the technology which helps to uncoer it. For example, scientific beliefs since the time of the Egyptians have changed irrevocably over the centuries, but Kuhns point is that at the time those discoveries were made, they were the newest (and therefore most valid) sources of scientific information. Kuhn further posits that what scientists and scientific historians should be concerning themselves with is to ask new sorts of questions and to trace different, and often less than cumulative, developmental lines for the sciences. Rather than seeking the durable contributions of an older science to our present vantage, they should attempt to display the historical integrity of that science in its feature time. (Kuhn, 238) By contrast, Larry Laudan challenges us to re-consider the entire purpose of science. He believes it is to askwhether science through time brings us closer to achieving our cognitive aims or goals. (Laudan, 145) Does scientific knowledge bring us closer to those? Laudan presents a expensive point, which is that principals of testing, comparison, and evaluation of theories seem to vary significantly from level to level. (Laudan, 144) This seems to say that there are a exit of variables present which cannot be reconciled from level to level or from scientist to scientist. These variables can manifest themselves as exclusively as the fact that all people interpret results slightly differently. Take, for example, a doctor who views a diligents X-ray on which there is evidence of carcinoma. A general practitioner would have a different interpretation of this than would a pulmonary specialist. They both see cancer, but only the pulmonary doc can prope rly pass judgment which treatments would be most appropriate in attempting to eradicate the cancer. Now, suppose the unhurried can only afford to see his general practitioner because that is all his insurance will brook for he never gets to see the lung specialist, and is relying entirely on the scientific opinion of only one scientist to assess his chances of survival. This is only one example of the flaw in scientific method suppose the pulmonary atomic number 101 was more well-read on the latest techniques of eradicating lung carcinoma, and the general

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

The nature of the Bolshevik takeover in October 1917 Coursework

The nature of the bolshie putsch in October 1917 - Coursework ExampleThere are some scholars like (C) and (D) who commemorate Provisional Governments only failure was perhaps to adequately deal with the rising power of Kornilov and the mishandling of the entire Kornilov affair. Others like (B) show clearly how Lenin was commensurate to cleverly take advantage of the multiple and varied failures of the Provisional Government on diverse accounts ranging from food shortages, poor working conditions and the economic maladies. However there are others like (A) who whirl a very weak interpretation of the events that perpetuated in the Bolshevik revolution of October 1917 and hence does not subjoin anything substantial to the debate on the role of the failure of the provisional government in the rise of the Bolsheviks. This is telegraphically and aptly put across in (B) where the authors delineate the growing discontentment of almost all sections of the Soviet society with the Provisi onal Government and the increasing influence of Lenin who promised a better life to all. However, both (C) and (D) pay chain armourulated the Bolsheviks rise to power only as an offshoot of the failure of the Provisional Government to deal with the Kornilov affair. The Bolsheviks were the spark advance beneficiaries of the Kornilov crisis, winning their first majority in the Petrograd Soviet on 31 August shows that (C) simply relate the Kornilov crisis with the Bolsheviks winning the Petrograd Soviet as also does, in party- semipolitical terms, the prime beneficiary of this reaction to the Kornilov affair was the Bolshevik party in (D). Both (C) and (D) have highlighted the Kornilov affair and Kerenskys lack of brainwave and management of it as the prime causes leading to the Bolsheviks gains.... Both (C) and (D) have highlighted the Kornilov affair and Kerenskys lack of insight and management of it as the prime causes leading to the Bolsheviks gains. However, this was just one isolated incidence, and this (Kornilov affair) withal was an outcome of the failure of the Provisional Government on many different levels which are well and succinctly explained by (B). Also, (A) is completely off the mark and provides no information or insight on the result under discussion instead (A) reflects on the serendipity of Bolsheviksrising to power at all. While this makes a equitable and interesting read, (A)s reminiscences go waste when it comes to evaluating the role played by the failures of the Provisional Government in the rise of Bolsheviks. In fact, if anything (A) provides some dubious evidence to stand the contention that the Provisional Government was seen much(prenominal) a failure by the soviet masses and the military, that even in spite of the many exigencies and limitations, the Bolsheviks were able to gain mass support at the grassroot level and come to power. In contrast, (B) provides substantial evidence to support the believe that it was the fail ure of the Provisional Government that allowed the Bolshevik to stage a coup in October 1917 and in the long run the Bolshevik take over. This contention is explicitly backed by Weiner (2001) who states that the Provisional Government that headed the country post the fall of the Tsar was expected to take the reins of the economy and politics and steer the nation on the itinerary to democratically elect a more permanent government. Instead, the provisional government was mired in political intrigues and mismanagements and complete lack of focus on the

Monday, April 22, 2019

Business and social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and social Responsibility - Essay theoretical accountSince, they have to face the end users, their s fulfil is quite critical.Each stakeholder of the company is as important as the other. The management is responsible for the overall strategy and production enhancement of the company. They argon also responsible to take care of their workers and their channel partners. At the same time they have a social responsibility to the subject area where they are operating. Their decision is crucial for the future of the rest of the stakeholders and dependants. They need cooperation from the workers as well as the distributors and stockists, which give help them to increase their productivity and sales. It is up tothem how they wish to run the company and what issues and objections they need to overcome. The issues could be wide-ranging and may not have direct relation to the companys primary objective, which is turnover and profitability. in like manner the workers have a huge rol e to play in the organization, since they are the only source of work force in the area. It is a coexistent for both the groups. Each of the group is dependant on the other for their existence. They are responsible for the efficient productivity at the plant and their decision is important for the company to survive and grow. only if they also need to be aware of their well being and the effect it will have in Teesside. Also, their cooperation and rendering of the companys requirements is essential, so as to come to a consensus with the management.The same applies for the distributors, who must guarantee the availability of the companys product at their sales floor. They are the direct contact point for the company to the end user and they are to ensure a positive image to the customers. Hence, any negatively charged vibe or feelings of the customer needs to communicated to the company.If one considers the ethical issues surrounding Chemdex Chemicals, then we need to understand the difference between ethical and unethical business practice.

Tourism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

touristry - Case Study ExampleTelevision shows have also compete a great part in habitualising destinations. And what better example than that of the Australia Zoo the zoo, located in the Queensland town of Beerwah, became a major tourist attraction by way of Steve Irwins Crocodile Hunter wildlife documentaries. The Australia Zoo, which started as a small reptile park, became a major tourist attraction thanks to Irwins popularity as the Crocodile Hunter. (Debbie Olsen, Canwest News Service.)Tourism departments have woken up to the strength of videos in creating the hype about a destination. Though the incidence of movies being made to heighten a destination is less usual, the fact remains that movies popularize travel without primarily intending to. When a reccy is done to zero down upon a locale, the primary objective is to suit the requirement of the story. In Indian movies or what is more popular globally as Bollywood movies (these are the Hindi language movies that forms th e biggest chunk of Indian movies), it is also important that the shot looks picturesque to shoot a song sequence, the scene can preposterously shift to the snow-covered Alps, even if the storyline goes nowhere near Europe. However, in the process, movies make certain locales popular and enhance tourism in that place. For example, the Indian film industry has increased the volume of tourism in Switzerland to such(prenominal) an extent that Lakes and Waterfalls are being named after Indian movie stars and producers. Tapping the Consumer BaseIt is a plebeian phenomenon that tourism boards and local administrative bodies offer various incentives such as discounts in accommodation, food, permission for pip and even cash incentives, to lure production units. (The Financial Express, 2005.) In India, movie making is big business. oer 1000 movies are released every year (the largest in the world), 3.2 billion movie tickets are sold each(prenominal) year (the largest in the world) and 10, 000 music tracks hit the market every year. (Indian Entertainment and Media Outlook 2009 Report.) The Indian Tourism sector contributes 6.23 percent to the GDP and generates a total employment of 8.78 percent. In 2008, USD 100 billion was generated by the tourism industry and this is expected to rise to USD 275.5 billion by 2018. (Jaipur Hotel Deals Blog, 2009.) Watching movies in one-screen theatres (I am not talking here of multiplexes, which are expensive) is a relatively cheap form of entertainment in which millions of Indians indulge. present films are almost a way of life with the people and movie stars are demigods. The movie songs (no movie has less than five songs on an average) are an industry on its own. No festival or communion is complete without film songs. Television shows are churned out based on movies and their songs. No wonder such a huge consumer base is an attractive proposition and even if five percent of this can be converted and directed towards tourism, it would present a huge earning potential. This huge market is up for grabs for both the internal and international tourism boards. It works out wonderfully for the producer who gets to save nothing less than 20 percent of the cost. Jaisalmer - the

Sunday, April 21, 2019

Critically discuss the proposition; ''organisational culture cannot be Essay

Critically discuss the proposition organisational assimilation cannot be managed - Essay ExampleThe egg on raises the question of how easy it is to manage or to qualifying organisational cultures.There is widespread criticism of the universal culture management approaches by various scholars in recent studies, it is evidenced that managers are continually engaging themselves in planned cultural interventions (Griffin & Moorhead 2011). Their main concerns are that organisational cultures determine the image and the performances of organisations and failure to address the issue would refer failure in organisational goals. The studies indicate that managing organisational cultures is the most common and popular form of managerial interventions. Organisational atmospheres usually change and organisational cultures evolve with time and generations in an organisation (Alvesson, 2002).Organisations emerge because of a group of people having a common goal of working together to achieve a common goal. For a single person, the tasks would be thought-provoking or impossible. The process it takes for organisational culture formation starts creation of small groups of individuals with a common idea or notion in organisational operations. These finally generate long-lasting organisational cultures that pass from one generation to another.In the agone two decades, the issues of organisational culture have had much attention especially in the health area. The Health sector is a critical area where cultures determine various aspects in the services and operations (Scott et al., 2003). In the UK, for example, the important governances have been actively promoting structural change in the UK National Health Services (NHS). It is in an ride to secure sufficient gains in the health care performance (Davies et al., 2000). The main goal of the central government policies lies on the development of cultural changes in view of structural change.

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Strategies for Building Business Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategies for Building Business Success - Essay ExampleThis report stresses that this restaurant has grown in reputation over the years, and has gained popularity as a destination restaurant that can cater to business professionals and the local residents. The menu is though formal for this market segment, but the bar draws great rush. During this study it was evident that near customers came solely to sit at the bar, with step up any in disco biscuitt of dining in the restaurant.This paper makes a oddment that the restaurant market is growing in Atlanta. It is therefore an obvious step on part of Zaika to wave the operations to target a bigger market segment and thereby increase the revenue. The top ten Atlanta restaurants have common two things plush, trendy interiors and reasonably priced menus. Only one of them offered traditional food. And half of them were located in Midtown. Though the competitors are moving in the right direction, but Zaika is expanding on the primer o f sound market research in the local market. Atlanta consumers are seeking diversity and spic-and-span occurrence. Location is undoubtedly important, but so is environment and uniqueness. The market challenge is thus to stand out from major competitors, not only as an ethnic restaurant, but as one that offers consistently proud quality food, menu variety, and a unique atmosphere. Maintaining the edge will depend partly on marketing not to forget a delighting experience for the customer at the restaurant.

Friday, April 19, 2019

Being Clear on What Is and What Should Be Queer. This Essay

Being Clear on What Is and What Should Be mirthful. This Conceptualization Of Queer - Essay ExampleIt is inferred from Hardings essay that because of heteronormativity, amusing includes fat women, whose only chance of experiencing sex is by beingness raped. In The Trouble with Normal, Warner examines the dilemma of determining and pursuing what is normal. Being normal casts negative shadows on what is queer, which is why Warner thinks it is wrong for the Mattachine Society to toss aside the issue of sex to gain respectability and normativity. deuce definitions of queer emerge because company defines it as having sexual norms that are against heteronormativity, something that is sinful and pathological (or what queer should be), trance Harding and Warner describe it as composed of variations to the norm, where everyone has equal sexual agency (or what queer is). Society defines queer as opposite to acceptable straight person norms and practices. sex activity is central to the c oncept of queer, but society, in its heterosexual morality, seeks to antagonize queer sex as improper, immoral sex. Harding and Warner question the dominant social definition of queer as a negative sexual attitude and behavior just because it is outside heteronormativity. Who defines what is queer? For Harding, the hypermasculine culture defines queer vis-a-vis its sexual and political interests. She asserts that society conditions women to live for their primary obligation to make themselves pretty for heterosexual mens pleasure (68). Queer women, by sexually desiring the same sex, are clashing with their dominant obligation. Furthermore, queer is defined not according to what the defined actually feels, but how heterosexual society describes it should be. Harding criticizes society and the media for having a skewed understanding of beauty and attraction, which is the basis of political and social roles, functions, and boundaries. After discussing how society and the media pinch fat people to be thin, Harding notes that it is clear that fat is Not Hot (74, capital letters from buffer text). Beauty is reserved for the thin, and people are supposed to be attracted only to thin people. Queer is plain to heterosexual norms. Another definition from mainstream society is that queer is abnormal and must be concealed or changed to suit heteronormativity. Warner criticizes the efforts of some gay organizations to desexualize their presss because the essence of being queer is being sexual and being open about it. He stresses that homosexuality is central to the fight for gender equality It is hard to title of respect that homosexuality is irrelevant as long as you feel the need to make the claim (46). Sex and sexuality are political centers of the aspiration for personhood. Warner argues that sex is politics and queer is political. In 1953, the Mattachine Societys new leaders assert the importance of integrating as a way of showing the unexclusive new maturity (Warner 46). To integrate is to be non-sexual and to be non-sexual is to forget that sexuality is a political struggle for the queer. And to forget that queer is sexual and political is to say that queer is dead and must remain so. Warners point is that by desexualizing the queer movement, the queer are accepting the social definition that they are not acceptable because they are not the norm. Queer is abnormal and must remain hidden in the bathrooms and bushes. robust women are queer too because their physical characteristics put them at the fringes of physical attraction. Harding points this out persuasively, as she analyzes the heterosexual norm, where

Thursday, April 18, 2019

Health Care Communications Methods Nursing Home Option 1 Research Paper

Health C ar Communications Methods Nursing Home Option 1 - Research Paper ExampleTherefore, as an administrator of the breast feeding home, he or she has the responsibility to clothe how these patients are going to enjoy their rights to medication. Therefore, the administrator has to choose communication method that will be hard-hitting to every resident either traditional, electronic or social media method.Ancient communication involves using brochures, pamphlets and booklets that are intended to reach audience randomly. However, it is expensive to incur the cost of printing health entropy in these materials when a few copies are required. Therefore, to be cost effective, many copies of these materials are printed at once.Traditional communication is associated with somewhat advantages such as convey a precise message because developers of the training seek to produce materials and programs that would couple the need of a large number of potential users, different subgroups in the society were able to portal different version of material from the writers. On the other hand, traditional communication hasits disadvantages such that, it is very gawky to print a large number of information materials for a large population since the writers writes distinctive information for different population, additionally if the information to be printed involve a few copies, it is very expensive. Lastly, to customize on population outreach of information by the administrator to different individuals will bedependent upon quick processing of large pile of data hence residents can misunderstand information leading to ineffectiveness of the administrator to the residents.Emergence of trig health communication was an indication of growing marketing approach to modify communication in nursing home formedby uniting various innovations at once. Tailored health communication (THC) refers to bringing together information and performance change plans expected to get to a parti cular person

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

English Fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

slope Fiction - Essay ExampleYeah Shelly said at last, seriously dont be such a fucking bitch. Shelly winced mischievously into a crooked smile. She knew the bitch comment would certainly turn on the girls in the camp. Shut up Shelley, you are soo bad, said one girl, really who talks kindred that? said an new(prenominal). Laura didnt mind it at all. Shelley and she were already becoming the rebels of the group. Last night, they were the only girls that sneaked out of the camp to try a cigarette only to return ecstatically giddy-headed at the shock of the other peachy girls. Hey Shelley, could I have a word with you for a second? Laura said motioning out of the tent. Shelley finished cleaning the nails in her left hand and obliged.Shelley reentered the tent with Laura. It was almost eight o clock and the sun had solely sterilize. Shelley walked past Ragged-Jagged-Jen with a polite smile, Why dont you join us to set up the bonfire Jen? Jen looked like she had been hit by a Ben tley. Her wiry frame purred at the thought of hang out with only the coolest girls in school. All she could let out was a gruntled, SureShelley, Laura and Jen left the tent to find a good spot for the bonfire. The nights in the forest were always a little spooky. Shelley was stunned at how the same forest appeared so tame in the day. She wondered if there was a whole run away of species that specialized in night living other than bats and owls. That night the dull glow of the moon about permeated through the thicket of trees. In a way, it provided a silver lining for the entire jungle.The Head see to it had told Laura to stay north, so they obviously went south with Jen following them ignorantly. Before they knew it they were audience to a virtual orchestra of crickets, bugs, and other noisy critters. The leaves of the trees acted like holes to a flute and all was going well.They were following a trail set up by god-knows-who which ended in a perfectly barren

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

Quality Indicators for Safe Medication Preparation and Administration Essay Example for Free

Quality Indicators for Safe Medication Preparation and Administration set aboutBeing passionate about caring and helping others has influenced and inspired me to enter the medical field and has thus encouraged me to become a registered nurse in the Philippines. I have worked in a open hospital located in Manila which caters health care services for people presenting infectious and tropic diseases.One day, I had an admission who was diagnosed with an Acute Gastroenteritis secondary to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. The doctor ordered a bare-assed antibiotic that should be given intravenously. When the antibiotic was already at hand, I administered the medication with the 100ml solution of shape saline to the patient of. Afterward, because of a lot of toxicity in the area caused by a large count of patients, I forgot to reassess the patient whom I gave the antibiotic initially. I was surprised when I got back, the patient was already experiencing an allergic reaction to the antibiotic that the skin was flushed and generalized rashes were observed. I referred the patient immediately to the occupant on duty and anti-histamine medications were given right away.Because of the incident happened, I felt overwhelmed with fear due to the practical consequences I had in my mind that the patient might suffer. I had been administering antibiotics many times in the past, provided this situation made me feel guilty and uneasy. I even questioned myself if I am really that skilled enough to do medical interventions to the patients.A nurses role is to render a lofty quality of care at all times. The reactions of the antibiotic would have been prevented if the proper assessment has been executed. Being wise(p) in interventions especially medication administration is essential in my role, that I felt I didnt accomplish fully. I documented all that happened to the patient and I made an internal incident subject so that the other team members would be well-i nformed about the situation and also proper endorsements were done. nurture errors and complications will be prevented through active management and effective reporting system would ensure patients safety.Administration of medicines to individuals who are ill is part of nurses responsibility to deliver holistic and optimal care (Veitch Christie 2007). In the Philippines, nurses are required to practice methodical approach that follows local polices. In regards to my own get it on, nurses practice 10 rights of medication administration that are intended to protect patients from any wrongful conduct in promoting health.Some of the key things I have learned include developing my time management, multi-tasking, and organisational habits. One of the ways I would change what I did then would be to assess before and aft(prenominal) administering certain medication to the patient especially if its an initial dose. I am now much cautious and responsible for my actions when delivering holistic care. Although I shouldve reassessed the patient, the experience I have gained from this has made me more resonant of patients rights that safeguard patients well-being.In the future, I think I would testify to deal with this by improving the level of my competence and not neglect the aspects of treat as a caring profession. I will continue to provide genuine care to the patients through further developing my skills in performing the 10 rights of medication administration. I intend to become more careful and as well as confident when protecting the health of my patients from possible risks of any treatment and health practices. As a registered nurse, I aim to advance my knowledge and skills that will befit the needs of the clients. Therefore, even if this experience for me was a challenge, I took it as an advantage to help me understand the importance of values in nursing and will guide me in tackling different instances and situations in the future.

Monday, April 15, 2019

Nursing Education Essay Example for Free

cargon for Education EssayThis paper will outline the diversitys in competencies between Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN), and Bachelor in Science of Nursing (BSN) lively fellates. Then identify a tolerant care concomitant describing how nursing care or approaches to decision making may differ base upon the educational activityal preparation of the nurse. The Free online Dictionary (2013) depicts competency as The quality of being competent or capable of performing an allotted function. Here is a comparison of two different pathways to worthy a Registered Nurse Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN), and Bachelor in Science of Nursing (BSN) political platforms. born(p) out of the nursing shortage in 1952, the Associate Degree nurse came in to fruition convey to Mildred Montag. The Associate Degree program for Registered Nurses is two-three years length. This program does hold academic credit ground on clinical and general studies preparing these students to be able to function as technical bedside nurses. At the end of the ADN program students are eligible to take the NCLEX-RN (Creasia Reid, 2011).The Bachelors of Science program is four years in length and truly regarded by the American Nurse association as the original entry level requirement to becoming a Registered Nurse (Smith, 2009). This program originated in 1909. The BSN program is based on evidence based practice, fraternity nursing, and prepares these nurses for leadership roles whereas the ADN programs do not function to prepare nurses in leadership roles (Creasia Reid, 2011). This is due to the program providing education, expound by Creasia Reid, 2011, also on Information management, health care policy and finance, communication/collaboration, clinical ginmill/population health and professional values. (p. 25). At the end of the program these Nurses are eligible to take the NCLEX-RN.With differences in the level of education among RNs this brings up the controversial topic o f Do the difference in educational levels of BSN prepared nurse and ADN nurse make the to a greater extent educated BSN more prepared for the challenges of nursing today? There is much more research commanded on this topic. Online ledgers such as polity Politics Nursing Practice Ellenbecker, 2011 state, Todays environment of expanding knowledge, the call for interdisciplinary healthcare oral communication teams, and evidence of the relationship between nurse education and improved diligent outcomes strongly indicate the need for nurses prepared at the baccalaureate level. (115-125). Studies such as Aiken (2003) depict negative outcomes such as reverse to rescue and mortality were nineteen percent lower in hospitals post-surgical patients where sixty percent of the nurses had baccalaureate degrees. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing 2003 earmark an entire fact sheet depicting how BSN nurses may be more prepared than diploma or ADN to meet the demands of nursing t oday.They state this is due to the broader span of course change state provided in the BSN program. The BSN nurse learns what the diploma and ADN nurse learn but receive a more in depth experience thus allowing them raise professional development, a greater understating of cultural, political, economic and social issues modify patients and influencing health care delivery. (AACN 2003). Nurses holding a BSN education could indeed be more able to provide the approach of looking at the patient as a whole, as well as enhanced critical thinking skills. (AACN 2003). One clinical example that depicts the difference in patient care situation describing how nursing care or approaches to decision-making may differ based upon the educational preparation of the nurse BSN versus a diploma or ADN degree.The issue of may provide different approaches to decision making is appropriate. There are studies that support that BSN prepared nurses are better prepared and studies that suggest that there is no significant difference in care delivered by BSN compared to the care delivered ADN and Diploma nurses. When faced with the evidence that BSN prepared nurses are taught a higher level of education and to utilize evidence based practice (AACN 2003) (Creasia Reid, 2011). The BSN prepared nurse may be better prepared to think more critically and research why they do a task and not just do the task blindly. For instance evidence-based practice provides hospitals with ways to decrease CAUTI from occurring (AJIC 2011). This is Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI). According to AJIC 2011, CAUTI are common, morbid, and costly. Nearly 25% of hospitalized patients are catheterized yearly, and 10% develop urinary tract infections.Evidence based guidelines exist for indwelling urinary catheter management but are not consistently followed. (pp. 1-6). Being educated enough to look up what the evidence based practice guidelines on catheters are can significantly increase pos itive patient outcomes. Furthermore, AJIC 2011 states also that when nurses where re-educated on a prefatory skill and infusing best evidence into current practice were important to raise awareness of dim-witted interventions that positively impacted patient outcomes and infusing best evidence into current practice were important to raise awareness of simple interventions that positively impacted patient outcomes. (pp. 1-6).Nurses who are more educated on reasons behind evidence based practice understand the importance of implementing it into current nursing practice. So it could be said that a BSN prepared nurse is more likely to utilize the practice guidelines that are evidence based. This provides an example how a BSN nurse could be more likely to make a different judgment call than a diploma or and nurse and take initiative to ask the MD for an order to support an evidence-based decision. To summarize there three pathways to becoming a Registered Nurse Diploma, ADN, and BSN pr ograms. Each has unique qualities. The program that offers a more in-depth education is the BSN program. All programs lead to the same end point of allowing the student to the NCLEX-RN. There are varying viewpoints on whether or not a BSN versus ADN nurse is better educationally prepared for the nursing workforce today.ReferencesAmerican Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2013). The impact of education on nursing practice. Retrieved on January 18, 2013 from http//www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education Aiken, L. H. (2003). Educational levels of hospital nurses and surgical patient mortality. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290 , 16171623. Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3077115/ Creasia, J. L., Reid, PHD, RN, K. B. (2011). Conceptual foundations the bridge to professional nursing practice. (5th ed.). Ch. 2, pp.1-39. St. Louis, Missouri Elsevier Mosby. Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//page burstls.elsevier.com/books/978-0-323-06869-7 Ellenbecker PhD, RN, C. (2010, 08 30). Policy politics and nursing practice preparing the Nursing Workforce of the Future. vol. 11 no. 2 115-125. Retrieved from on January 19, 2013 http//ppn.sagepub.com/content/11/2/115.abstract Farlex, Inc. (2013). The free dictionary. Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//www.thefreedictionary.com/competenciesOman, K. S., Flynn Makic, M. B. (2011). Nurse-directed interventions to reduce catheter associated urinary tract infections. American Journal of Infection Control, 1-6. Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/departments/medicine/hcpr/cauti/documents/TeamPublications/Nurse-Directed Interventions to Reduce Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections.pdf

The value of cross-cultural studies Essay Example for Free

The harbor of cross-cultural studies EssayA cross-cultural study examines human behavior by comparing members of at least two take issueent societies. Comparing two groups that differ only in terms of enculturation allows researchers the opportunity to determine whether veritable traits, behaviors, and practices are culturally bound. In addition to differentiating contextual factors, wish socioeconomic status and education, from cultural factors, cross-cultural studies can also test hypotheses posed about a certain way of life. Cross-cultural studies also purpose questions of variations.Do traits like intelligence or self-esteem differ across different countries? Every culture cherishes its strengths and absorbs its weaknesses. Cross-cultural studies allow scientists and researchers to define the unique personalities of the worlds countries. A recent study by Fiori, Antonucci, and Akiyama (2008) is an example of a cross-cultural study that sought to answer the question of whether genial relationships among the elder differed between older Americans compared to older Japanese citizens.This research utilized archival data gathered for another study over a decade ago. Face-to-face interviews were conducted for approximately 60 minutes to determine how many, what quality, and what type of relationships elderly participants experienced. Different types of social networks were determined and labeled, including such types as family-focused, ace focused, and various types of restricted relationships (Fiori, Antonucci, Akiyama, 2008).All participants also consented to the disclosure of a number of wellness variables, including time of death. A statistical analysis examined the association between social networks and morbidity. One of the aims of this cross-cultural investigation sought to strike societal differences in social relationships. Fiori and colleagues concluded some types of relationships described by the elderly are divided by both the Japan ese and American cultures. These include family-centered and friend-centered.Other types of social networks are unique to that country, like the married/distal label attached to the Japanese tendency to experience the companionship of marriage with inadequate social contact with others. Social networks labeled diverse were exceptionally common in the United States and rarely observed in Japan. Elderly Americans also experienced two distinct barriers to social relationships, morphological restrictions and functional restrictions. Older adults who live far from family members and may be socially isolated experience structurally restricted socially networks.A functionally restricted social network includes proximal family members or contacts nevertheless these relationships fail to meet the emotional and social needs of the older individual. In addition to exploring cultural differences between the social networks of the elderly in Japan and the United States, this study also ident ified differences in associations to health and survival related to these relationships. Americans who reported functionally restricted relationships were at a much greater adventure for depressive symptoms and a number of negative health adversities.Those with structurally restricted relationships, however, demonstrated higher and faster grade of morbidity compared to participants who experienced other social network types. Interestingly, Japanese participants showed no difference in health variables or survival associated with social networks. The information garnered from this study can be applied to working with the elderly population. The need to consider social networks and cultural factors is clearly established.Future research can expand these findings to come apart interventions to target negative or nonexistent social relationships among the elderly. Longitudinal research is needed to draw a causal connection between social networks and health, but the importance of the se variables has certainly been emphasized by this study. References Fiori, K. L. , Antonucci, T. C. , Akiyama, H. (2008). Profiles of social relations among older adults A cross-cultural approach. Ageing and Society, 28, 203-231.

Saturday, April 13, 2019

Are humans naturally good or naturally evil Essay Example for Free

Are world naturally redeeming(prenominal) or naturally immorality EssayAre humans naturally good or naturally evil? Paul Blooms (psychologist) answer is yes. Most adults slam terms from right, for the excep*on of psychos. The heroes who come to the rescue, the ones that argon disappointed, by some of the things that occur in our society and the act of kindness. in that respect is a push to achieve the wrongdoers pay for what they commi-ed, help the needy, also emo*onal responses that revolve around morality. Research in laboratories, prove the claim that sense of good and evil are bred in the bone. Babies and toddlers can judge others ac*ons based on whether they are evil or good. They feel the same style about evil and bad and react the same way as adults. They also like Nikki Daniel 2/12/14 1st current event of quarter 3 per 2 those who do too. Based on their behavior, their judgments and ac*ons we can tell what they like and dislike. There is limit to morality. Babies s tart s measly and then start eyesight themselves as a group. Most humans obtain general moral ideas. Our ac*ons fall low compare to our moral principles.Communica*ng with people with the same morals and values as you is a grand part of growing up to be a good psyche. This research might change the way that many people feel about their babies and children. Some think babies are bad seeds others think they are psychopaths. Our surrounding can change our natural moral senses. Understanding moral psychology can make the world a be-er place. The Nikki Daniel 2/12/14 1st current event of quarter 3 per 2 science of baby morality is all about human natures best and worst.It is actually pre-y remnant that babies and li-le kids can tell the di5erence between good from bad. I think with people with be-er morality, the world would be a be-er place. Many people believe in one thing and do something completely di5erent. I knowledgeable something new. Honestly, I thought babies brain was like a size of a peanut and did not know right from wrong. I knew they could sense when someone is a good person or bad person but I did not know about all of this.

Friday, April 12, 2019

Kant Theory and Justice Essay Example for Free

Kant Theory and Justice Es placeImmanuel Kant concerns himself with deontology, and as a deontologist, he be broodves that the rightness of an live up to depends in part on things other than the goodness of its consequences, and so, drift throughs should be judged based on an intrinsic clean jurisprudence that says whether the action is right or wrong period. Kant introduced the Categorical shrill which is the central philosophy of his theory of morality, and an understandable approach to this moral law. It is divided into three looks. The first locution of Kants Categorical Imperative states that wizard should constantly act in such a focusing that the motto of your action can be willed as a universal pro do law of humanity an act is every right or wrong based on its ability to be universalized. This belief is part of the universal law theory and states that to determine if an action is basic completelyy good or bad, one must essenti on the wholey imagine a world in which everyone performed that alike(p) action constantly, and imagine if this would be a coveted world to live in. If non, then it is not okay to perform the action.He believes that this universal law lives indoors us it is not roughthing that is imposed on us from the outside. For example if one kills oneself out of self-love, it is logically unconnected because self-love refers to respect for ones self as a rational being and rationality is based on objective (undistorted by emotion or mortalal bias). So, one can neer justify suicide. The maxim of killing oneself cannot possibly exist as a universal law. The second formulation states that one must treat humanity whether in thine own person or in that of either other, in every case as an end withal, never as means whole. For example, if I were to lie to a girl so that she would choose to go out with me then I, in effect, use her. Kant would say that I treated her as a means to achieve my end, and he specifically proh ibits manipulating or deceiving a person for the purposes of achieving a personal end. tally to Kant, only slew are valuable as ends. any action that disregards this is in clear violation of Kantian morality, and purports to reduce an individuals autonomy this whence undermines a persons rational capability and reduces him/her to a thing.This implies that if someone robs you and takes your wallet, he is treating you as a thing and not as a person. The third and last formulation requires that one sees oneself as the character reference of all moral law. This simply emphasizes the fact that the moral agent is the one who chooses to act morally. This third formulation proves us to imagine ourselves as the sole lawmaker in a society, and to choose the best affirmable set of laws that the society of rational beings would live by. Kant believes that we all have reason inwardly us, hardly some choose to respond and act upon it while others do not.We can reason the way things ought to be, and based on that is how we should act, which explains Kants view that a moral action must be chosen through moral reason. For example, one does not cheat on a prove because ones reason tells him or her that it is wrong, not the consequences that follow if one gets caught. Another example is that we do not need the law to tell us not to steal because it is immoral we simply have to access our ability to reason to contract this. In a world where each individual recognizes his/her moral dignity and freely chooses to adopt the same universalizable moral law, all actions become good.In opposition to the Categorical Imperative is Kants Hypothetical Imperative, which states that a particular action is necessary as a means to some purpose. Kant believes that these actions are not always moral because they are not performed out of pure good will (pure duty), which is the only thing in the world that is unambiguously good. In the case of the ethical credibility of the principles of affirmative action, Kants Categorical Imperative provides for the basis of approval. It is primarily out of a sense of duty that a society would seek to care its struggling members who are in need of help.The action so far seems good, barely we must test its universality. Can we imagine ourselves living in a world in which all societies seek to assistant the underprivileged and the disadvantaged at the slight expense of others? Absolutely yes. It is important for one to bear in mind, however, that it is the very action of helping that is being judged as inherently good or bad, and not the actions admirable or overbearing surrounding consequences. Secondly, we must test that the action is regarding everyone involved as ends and not as means to any particular purpose.Since the work out of affirmative action is to help the period predicaments of those people who were victimized in the ago, focus is placed on respecting every individuals autonomy. In this way, we can see that aff irmative action is not a devious plan that seeks to manipulate, but one that seeks to compensate by adjusting the means (circumstances) and not the ends (individuals). Lastly, we must see if the action is establishing a universal law governing others in similar situations one should behave as if one is the absolute moral permission of the universe.Is completing this action consistent with the application of moral law? If so, the affirmative action passes these three tests and the action is good. In his Objections to favorable achievement, James Sterba talks about why he believes that Affirmative follow out is morally wrong. He argues that a persons race shouldnt control his or her dose of interest. Sterba argues that Affirmative operation leads to injustice and it is unfair to the white nonminority males because it deprives them of equal opportunity by selecting or appointing women or minority candidates over more than qualified nonminority male candidates. He believes that t he job of the government is to eliminate all kinds of discriminatory policies. He thinks that alternative programs are preferable. Thus, the government should instead promote equal opportunities through programs within agencies and departments instead of through Affirmative Action which he believes is a fancy word for discrimination. He argues that it is not fair to those who are more qualified for certain opportunities and cannot receive them either because they are not women or because they are not part of the minority.In his First Objection, he argues that Affirmative Action is not take to compensate for unjust institutions in the distant past. He talks about Morris argument that what occurred in the past is not the primary issue that puts all bring out-day African Americans at an unfair disadvantage it is more about the issues of more recent origin. He makes a point that discrimination today could very salubrious be the source of the disadvantaged disposition of African Ame ricans and other minority groups, and it is certainly something that society could do without.The question remains that in attempting to level the playing field and eliminate present-day discrimination in America, is Affirmative Action a practical approach and should such a program be endorsed? The fourthly Objection goes on to say that Affirmative Action hurts those who receive it because in many ways the people benefitting from it would not see the need to work as hard, and it places women and minorities in positions for which they are not qualified. Sterba proposes that one of the solutions to this bother could be the installation education enhancement programs to compensate for any lack of skills. He believes that this will in a short time ensure that minorities are appropriately qualified for a position. In reaction to Sterbas First Objection, Kant would agree that the rightness of Affirmative Action should be based upon the circumstances of the present situation and not what had occurred in the past this is evident mainly through his a priori form of philosophical deductive reasoning that judges an action before the experience, or in the moment. However, Kant would disagree with Sterbas twenty-five percent Objection because in my opinion, Kants deontological theory correlates with the correctness of the affirmative action in its very aim toward helping the right people. Affirmative action has not significantly diminished gender, racial, and all other forms of discrimination, but the action has promoted equality and diversity to a large extent. In a world where everyone performs the good will, thither is justice and the installation of this program only serves to come closer to this justice.Discrimination is wrong because it violates a persons basic and intrinsic moral rights. Thus, in itself the adoption of this program is an action that is good because without Affirmative Action it is true in many ways that minorities would remain at a disadvantaged position in the educational system and not be allowed the opportunity to exercise their true potential. Kant would argue that it is a duty out of good will to treat people equally. The concepts of equality and autonomy are accent in the record of this program because it strives to treat everyone as a free person equal to everyone else.According to Kant, one should be treated as ends not as mere means. It can be argued that African Americans at a disadvantaged position were being treated as means by the paramount culture to achieve its own ends in the system. Discrimination cannot exist as a system of nature because those who discriminate would not want to be similarly discriminated against if things were reversed, and so Affirmative Action is justified because it aims to fan out the door of opportunities to those who have been oppressed for years.That being said, Kant would examine the action itself and not the consequences of the action. When making decisions, one has to put on eself into other peoples shoes and see if one wants to be treated the same way others have been treated it is a duty to treat others as we ourselves want to be treated. Affirmative Action not necessarily needed in this society to reduce the inherent inequalities that are still existent, but it can certainly be used to assist in leveling the playing field.Affirmative Action has been successful on a short term basis, that is, in increasing the representation of minorities (including women) in areas of employment, education, and line of business from which they have been historically excluded. However, on the long term basis it can be argued that the program only serves to perpetuate a cycle of need. Kant advocates the idea of equality through his deontological theory by saying that all people deserve equal treatment as rational ends in themselves and that this should never be compromised by the flaws in any social system.

Wednesday, April 10, 2019

Bacterial Morphology Essay Example for Free

Bacterial Morphology EssayQuestion A and C answers.A ridiculous mount stain is when a drop of water is placed onto the microscope slide. The water on the slide helps to game the organism and sample. The water fills the space between the cover slip and the slide. This action allows the light from the microscope to pass through the slide and the sample for erupt visualization of the organisms. A direct stain occurs when a charged pretension specify of a basic tarnish like methylene blue combines with the negatively charged dole out of and organism allowing the bacterium to become directly dye. In direct staining, the organisms must be fixed by a process such as inflame. Fixing the slide prevents the organism form washing aside the slide before visualization. This is accomplished by passing a position of the bacteria through flame. The heat sets the proteins of the organism thus causing the bacteria to attach to the slide. The organism can become damaged from the conni ption process and the use of heat prior to staining. In indirect staining, the negatively charged colored portion of an acidic dye is repelled by the negatively charged bacterial cell wall. This causes the backg round to be stained while leaving the organisms cell wall to remain colorless and classical.Question B answersSpecific bacterial morphologies noted in exercise one come from the spiral bacteria sample. The phase appears to be corkscrew in nature and vary in aloofness throughout the sample slide. The length varies but the width seems to be uniform. The color most likely arises from the stain utilise to allow for better visualization of the organism. The Bacillus sample has no discernable morphology and appears as round ended, and cylindrical do in nature. The organisms have a black tint which is probably related to the type of statin used for visualization of the organism.Question C Bullet 1The direct smear sample and the indirect smears shown were diametrical in appear ance based on the staining method. The Direct Smear stained slides showed that the cells picked up the dye and were stained for better visualization as well as for differentiation of organisms viewed. The Indirect smears showed visualization of organisms and cells unstained and were visually different from the direct smear.Question DThe nerve smears are somewhat circular in areas and irregular in other areas. The appearance is unlike the yeast slide. The plaque smear cells appear to adopt a discernable nucleus which is absent in the yeast slide. The yeast smear shows uniformity in the shapes and sizes of the sample provided. The plaque smear shows irregularity in shape but a significant going away in the size of the sample cells provided.Question EI was unable to obtain an oral mop from my cheek but was able to visualize the slide provided and base my response on it. The cheek smear sample shows cells that are irregular in shape and in size. The cells appear to have a darker rev olve around which is located in differing regions from cell to cell. The samples appear to be clustered in together and tightly packed. The plaque smears are circular in areas and are in differing patterns and shape compared to the cheek cells. The plaque smears are round and differ in size. The cheek cells are differing in shapes and packed close together.ReferenceHands-on-Labs. (2012). A science lab Manual of Small-Scale Experiments for the Independent Study of Microbiology. Englewood, CO. Available from www.labpaq.com

Tuesday, April 9, 2019

Prosperity of Australia Essay Example for Free

prosperity of Australia EssayPresently there are about 3. 6 million the great unwashed who are breathing on less than $A400 per week. Around two million Australians are living in poor conditions with barely one earning person in a maven family. Nearly 700,000 children growing in families where none of twain(prenominal) the parents have a full time line of credit. Among the poorest only 20 per cent of population hold organisation service. The Democrats are debating on the issue of poverty in Australia, with a concrete detail that over the knightly decades there has been a continuous frugal growth in Australia despite of which the poor were worst accomplished and the prosperity of Australia has not reached the poor. This has been further supported by Government by reducing the incomes of many single parents and of disabled people, which has contributed to the growth of higher poverty. Living in poverty is a struggle and affects families in corporeal and mental health. It give notice even be stated here that well-preserved families make a healthy society and societies make a state and healthy states make a healthy nation.The importance and meaning of healthy families is a great deal larger and plays a pivotal role in making a happier and well-fixed nation. There are segregations about coterie living and style such as middle class upper middle class, luxurious class and last, not least poor class which drive a minute attention in all aspects of health care, nutrition and in efforting to make both ends meet which is a great responsibility of governments to provide food and shelter as a canonic need for living.The pestilence of poverty is tiresome and requires a great amount of effort and hard range from the end of governments to pee-pee job opportunities, encouraging new small and big industries, encouraging basic reading and providing some discounted facilities for further pleadment in education, creating new and innovative career and jo b opportunities or self-employment schemes by providing small amount of financial loans from banks to make a living for poor.As a matter of fact, how much ever new jobs are created either in government, public or private sector, many people are still left not having a seat for job which means that public bodies cannot create jobs till the number of zero and it is for the unemployed to seek and find an area of source through which income can be gene enjoind on one side and on the other side, make a happy family.In this regard, computer technology offers a multiplex opportunities and with basic knowledge of computer, unemployed can offer function of various kinds and can make a living by setting SOHO (Small office Home office) such(prenominal) as this, there are many other professional methods to reduce poverty line and inform better standards of living among poor people, namely, computer technical jobs, software jobs, application jobs and other electronic colloquy jobs and even in dustrial and public sector labor jobs can be advantageous to create job opportunities wherein with minimum education, jobs can be suitably found which would at least enable most of the family members to repose in jobs and endeavor to grow further for hike in salaries.However, these are not as belatedly as stated and it requires more efforts, job and employment schemes from Governments in the interest and prestige of nation.Otherwise, this would further put down the standards of living of children, elderly and ageing couple, single parented families, young people and students and migrants. According to the survey conducted in the year 2001, there are 100,000 people who are homeless and looking for home assistance. Poverty rate in cities is 10. 5 per cent and it is 12 per cent in other states and territories. It is also to be state that 6 out of 10 poor Australians are living in capital cities which concludes a fact that both regional areas along with cities have to be equally ass isted in development of strategies to abrogate poverty.In March 2004, there were stringent efforts by Senate Community Affairs Committee has issued a study on poverty and financial hardship which stated that These key findings presented below serve to illustrate a compelling case that Australia will face a crisis of poverty and disadvantage in the coming years. They break away with them the implication that Australians are increasingly at risk of falling into poverty and indeed more so now than at anytime during the post-war era.What is most disturbing however is the common theme that while poverty is become more entrenched and more intractable, the Commonwealth is increasingly abrogating its responsibility to tackle this great indignity inflicted on the Australian people. The Senate Committee further recommended 95 strategies to be implemented in Australia. Some of the important recommendations are viz. , development of a strategy for providing national jobs, focusing on school education, work and training and how to advance in education without deviating from work, research on skills, wages, where the shortage exists, the reasons for low-pay jobs, the problem of casual workers and job insecurity, a guaranteed work experience of six months for those who were without employment for a period of two years, provision of employment security and complaisant security to casual workers by strengthening work environments and poverty proof wage system which has an economic measuring scale for adequate and satisfied living.

Sunday, April 7, 2019

Role of Violence Essay Example for Free

Role of abandon EssayViolence is a common literary element present in both the books, Things come to pass Apart and in Persepolis. The depiction of violence gives the story a different view and a banish image. In things accrue aside, the depiction of violence is more as it defies the culture and the traditions of the Igbo people. They believe in nuisance spirit who has the power over all the people. This culture worships the value of killing and murdering. Acts of violence are practically related or associated to religious figures, such as Evil Tree. When acts of violence are committed, the consequences are unflinching by religious figures. The gods are given control over these violent acts. To get a hu gay beinge head to the clan was considered a symbol of supremacy and power. Okonkwo was the first one to bring home a human head and this was this fifth head and he was non n old man yet. On great occasions such as the funeral of a village celebrity he drank his palm-wi ne from his first human head.This was one of the callous customs in the 1900s during the colonial rule, where Achebe portrays violence as his major knead in his book. new(prenominal) form of violence was described during the Week in peace in things fall apart. Okonkwo was a violent and an impulsive man. Furthermore he uses violence to get obedience from his family. He was fire to justifiable anger by his youngest wife, who went to plait her hair at her friends house and did not return early enough to cook the meal. He beat her very heavily and hard. Women were considered weak as compared to men. Okonkwo easily resorts to violence to solve all his problems. Okonkwos bitter conception of masculinity emphasizes heavily on violence. His ideas of man values are unrelated to human emotions, and therefore he overthrows down a man to acquaint his male dominance is irrelevant. The abundance of the violence is not only present in the Igbo culture, but in any case seen in clashes between the Igbo culture and the European (Christianity) culture, demonstrating the incompatibility of the two cultures.Even very simple and corporationonical interaction between the two cultures would lead to a major violent conflict. as well as when Nwoye, Okonkwos son, tries to ask the different culture, heavy violence arises then too. This helps us into fill ining that the interactions between the two cultures are impossible to the oldest and the more traditional members of the clan. Violence is been also seen during the killing of Ikemefuna. There is a dramatic irony, because ikemefuna doesnt spang that okonkwo we going to kill who he called m his father and respected him more than his real father. Okonkwo was in contenddly vindication with at his son Nwoyes development, and he knew it was due to Ikemefuna. He was taken by the clansmen as told by Agbala with okonkwo to the forest. One of the men behind him hit ikemefuna with the matchet very inhumanely and as ikemefuna ran to wards okonkwo, in the murkiness of fear, okonkwo drew his matchet and cut him down.The brutality and violence shows the reader that okonkwo would d anything for not to look weak. Also in Persepolis, his violence in this book acts as a token of the human cost of war and policy-making authoritarianism violence is related to war during the Islamic regeneration, overthrowing of the shahs regime, the triumph of the Islamic revolution and the devastating effects f war with Iran and also the protests. Violence is shown to be very much a part of Iranian culture in Persepolis. The occurrence of violence that Satrapi felt as a child, I thought, was well shown in the comic style. The frames of violence seemed to be shocking interjections into the main plot of the story, as Im sure they seemed to be to Marji as a child. Satrapi used the shocking outburst as a means of disapproving the violence.Torture is shown in the scene splash where Ahmadi s being tortured because of his political felony. It is being divided into four parts, terce of which show the torture Ahmadi suffers. The parts are his being urinated on, whipped, and burn with an iron on his back. The only narration is shown at the bottom, the only dialog is shown as large obstetrical delivery bubbles, which depict yelling How do you like this? and Confess Where are the others? Ahmadi is shown screaming with his eyes closed. This was Marjis imagination. This case was used to emphasize the terror happening at that time and to make the readers express disapproval of the torture. Other types of violence, other than the tortures are when Siamaks sister is being executed. Again here the scene is divided into three parts, but in these in each part it is framed and has borders. In this depiction, they have shown the executor faces and also the dupes eyes are wide open even when she lies dead in the street.This just shows the stale nature of the violence. Satrapi through this wants the readers o recover emotional and get angry. Also other example of violence is when the man was cut into pieces. The top picture says, In the end he was cut to pieces, that was it.thi use of the short and blunt sentence only with a picture of a cut up body. Here, there was no feeling or emotion coming from Marji. Also in the next picture, you can see Marjis mother crying, but to me I think that Satrapi had to show at least a little emotion. This shows how violence is depicted so bluntly that has to show emotion to let the reader know that towards violence but on the whole the people seemed to be just insensitive or benumbed and use to the violence.Other types of violence were portrayed through the protests during the overthrowing of the shahs regime. And also the war between Iran and Iraq including the end of soldiers. Everywhere in the streets there were demonstrations for and against the veil, which was implemented then for women. The burning down of the red cinema and the attacks by the police onto the loca ls is also an example of violence in Persepolis. Due to this violence, there was this conflict between people. Therefore, in either which ways, violence played an important role in both the books. In Things fall apart and Persepolis, violence seemed to be a significant factor as both the novels, gives the reader a feel of the real story and events.

Social commentary Essay Example for Free

Social commentary establish daemon is Famous for his dramatic presentation of character and using them as a device for neighborly commentary. Dickens is famous for his ability to craft complex plots and striking characters that capture the paranoia of English Society. In the novels such(prenominal) as A Christmas Carol and Oliver Twist, Dickens uses characters such as Scrooge and Bill Sykes, as a device for social commentary Scrooge shows the audience that no amount of money can taint happiness or true friends. Whilst Bill Sykes character enforces the moral message that crime does not wage and no one can escape their punishment, no matter who they are. Great Expectations, one of Dickenss most famous novels, features the unforgettable character shed Havisham and uses her as a window into the Victorian era, and stiff variance system. In this essay I am going to be analysing how Dickenss uses discharge Havisham for the above purpose, and why he is so successful in doing so. Dickens grew up in Victorian England, taking his inspiration from the people and places he lived side by side with. The Victorian era was characterised by rapid change and developments in much or less every sphere, merely it was also known as a time of suffering, and of conflict amongst the social kinsfolkes.Dickens grew up in a world dictated by which class you beprospiciented. Victorian Society stewed down to three major classes, the working class, the middle class and the all powerful upper class to which Great Expectations send away Havisham belonged. If like dangle Havisham, a Victorian woman belonged to the upper class, her life was have got marry early to a gentleman, of whom her family approved have as many children as they could afford and consecrate themselves to the up keeping of their home whilst still keeping themselves perfectly presentable and well mannered.These were the things an upper class Victorian woman lived to accomplish, but as Great Expectation te lls us exclude Havisham never got the bechance to fulfil hers or societys Great Expectations. As a direct result of not meeting those expectations, were told how lose Havisham choose to stop her life, and live if you can call it hold in the past, constantly replaying the terrible agony she suffered the day her heart was broken and dreams destroyed.The first time look across Havisham is mentioned in the novel, Dickens displays great skill, as he shadows everything were told about her in mystery and doubt making the reader very curious and more closely examine, the details revealed about her character. Pip narrates from his own memory everything he has heard about Miss Havisham, were told that she is an immensely rich and grim lady who lived in a large and dismal dwelling bar against robbers, and who led a life of seclucusion. The house can be seen as a metaphor for Miss Havisham herself, supporting the rumours about her character.The short phrase barricaded against robbers , metaphorically describes Miss Havisham decision to lock herself, her savor and memories in Satis house. Along with Dickens later description of the house being barred, he creates the image that Miss Havishams home is like a prison built to keep her in, and intervention out, an image Dickens enforces passim the novel. Its walls, protecting her against thieves who dont necessarily want to steal her belongings, but her heart, and only light, Estella.Whilst Pip is journeying up to Satis house with Estella the atmosphere is created by Dickens use of Pip senses and the effect of the weather upon them. Cold wind seemed to construction over colder there, than outside the gate, and it made a shrill noise in howling in and out at the open sides of the brewery, like the noise of wind in the rigging of a ship at sea. The detail Dickens describes this as Pip passes through a gate, gives the impression that he has stepped through an invisible hindrance/doorway into another world, Miss Ha vishams world a place where things are all the more terrible, bitterness and dangerous.This sentence uses a young boys hearing, sensitivity and imagination to begin to describe how things are in a land controlled by Miss Havisham. Dickens idea of decreasing the temperature when Pip steps through the restriction gives the impression of Miss Havishams world being frozen, as her heart is, stuck in winters grasp. Dickens later uses the explicate winter and the connotations with death it carries to symbolically show how Miss Havisham is near to death an example of this is The old glacial branches, a quota in which Dickens uses a metaphor to show how Miss Havisham is aging, becoming more cold, mere(a) and therefore closer to death.The brewerys history is also questioned by Pip, and what we learn can be linked to Miss Havisham and the man who broke her heart, Compeyson. Estella tells us Better not try to brew beer there now, or it would turn out sour, Not that anybody means to try , for thats all done with, and it will stand as lite as it is, till it falls. The beer describes Miss Havishams and Compeyson relationship, the fact it is now sour- can be related to the bitterness Miss Havisham feels towards not only Compeyson, but all men.It was Compeyson after all who persuaded Miss Havisham to buy it from her brother, and wished to hold and restrain it all. So the fact Miss Havisham leaves it alone to fall, could show how she wants nothing to do with him or any of his plans but it could also be taken as a sign that she is still waiting for him to return, keeping herself and the brewery untasted by anyone, but all the time growing more and more sour. Miss Havisham is a nourishment ghost, and her grotesque appearance and habits make her both fascinating and repulsive.In the first few lines of Pips first spirit to face encounter with Miss Havisham, Dickens uses a variety of linguistic devices to really capture the readers imagination. He repeatedly uses the word whiten to describe Miss Havisham, her bridal gown and trinkets around her Dickens uses white as a symbolic reference to her age. She was dressed in rich materials satins, and lace, and silks all of white. And she had a long white veil dependent from her hair, and she had bridal flowers in her hair, but her hair was white. Our narrator also notices how Miss Havisham is in an unready state, She had not quite finished dressing, for she had, but one shoe on the other was on the table near her hand her veil was but half arranged. This is an insight into Miss Havishams state of beware she has kept herself in a condition of un-readiness, entombing her being in her own personal limbo. Half living and existing and her other side scattered around her.

Saturday, April 6, 2019

Platos Theory of Forms Essay Example for Free

Platos Theory of Forms Essay develop and define Platos surmisal of Forms with your personal Criticism. Plato was born in Athens on 428 BC. He was a Greek philosopher who laid foundations of western philosophy. He raised base questions and problems of western thought, goodness and virtue, truth and fellowship, torso and soul, exalted political state, and use of Literature and Arts were some of the pre dominant topics of interest to Plato. Plato devoted himself all in all to philosophy. He was a student of Socrates. He was a great admirer of Socrates and he initially united Socrates school of thought to learn philosophy. Later after the death of Socrates, he found an academy where geometry was most(prenominal) prominent in the curriculum along with mathematics and philosophy. He was also influenced from pre-Socratic thinkers like Heraclitus and Parmenides who rejected corporal world and said that inner is more important than believed apparent world. He was also influenced b y numeric conceptions derived from Pythagoras. He learned dialectical method of following truth in assure to derive a philosophy, ideas and opinions.According to Encyclopedia Britannica literally word Form means, The external shape, appearance or configuration of an prey in contradistinction to the matter of which it is composed. In Aristotelian Metaphysics, the active, determining principle of a thing as separate from matter, the potential principle. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012) In Stanford Encyclopedia it is stated that, Platos term eidos by which he identified the unceasing concreteity that makes a thing what it is in contrast to the particulars that are finite and subject to change.The Platonic concept of form was itself derived from the Pythagorean theory that intelligible structures and not material elements, gave objects their distinctive characters. Theory of Forms states about what is real and what is not. The real is thought to be perfect whereas things which ar e not real are changing. Plato advocates that the world of forms is varied from world of appearances. World of Forms apprise only be understood by philosophers and those who seek the truth. The dialogues in this theory portray knowledge as the process of leaving dark caves for going into sunlight.People who live in dark caves find their reality in shadows. These shadows are actually the symbol of the apparent world and it is vindicatory a shadow of what is real. Plato says that this world is not real it is only the world of forms which is real and never changes. It cigarette be explained by many examples for example we all try to seek knowledge but in reality what we learn is an opinion only. excessively one thing is beautiful for someone but it displace be ugly for someone else. People who have an urge to know and understand the true knowledge in the world can only touch the intelligible world.This world of objects is not self-employed person because it depends on another re al world of pure forms or ideas. Objects in this world have got their qualities from the ideal world. An object is beautiful because it takes that beauty from the higher realm. This concept of ideal Forms and forms of the world can be explained by geometry. Any square or triangle that we draw or construct is imperfect because it is entirely approximate the ideal triangle. This ideal triangle has no companionship with senses or reason because it is not concrete but a concept or an idea in the real world.Plato says that, the world of forms can be characterized as changeless , eternal and real whereas bodily world undergoes many changes and decay. The criticism on Platos theory of forms is that, he could not be able to draw a logical tie-up between the realm of forms and physical world. According to Aristotle, this theory does not explain that how permanence and order can be attained in this world and how we can have objective knowledge of this physical world.Plato separated two wo rlds so distinctly that it failed to explain a former two points. The objectivity and permanence of real world does not explain this physical world hence establishes no strong connection between the two worlds. In my opinion Plato puts an argument that intellectual truth is truer than physical truth. This universe is created by God who is pure and the ultimate reality. He has no physical being but he has created a physical universe. This physical world is a copy of the real universe which only exists in the chief of creator.Similarly all horses are copies of one horse which exists at some higher land of truth. Likewise all beds are only copies of an ideal bed which lies in heaven probably. These examples are given by Plato to prove that world of forms is different from world of reality. It concludes that forms are relative and they are mere imitation of the real. The basic function of theory of forms is unification. It serves to unify groups of objects or concepts by connecting the m to a pure essence of the real world.

Friday, April 5, 2019

Measuring Binding Constant of Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) to DNA

Measuring Binding Constant of Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) to desoxyribonucleic acidABSTRACTThe principle merchantman this lab experiment was to determine the binding ageless of ethidium commonplace to desoxyribonucleic acid using the cognize compactnesss and the measured take to be of X obtained from the equation. Ethidium banality is said to abide a high affinity to DNA, thitherfore, the expected respect for the binding ceaseless should be large. Two method were implemented in determining the binding constant of EtBr to DNA. The first method was by inputting the absorbance data using a fixed excel worksheet. The main coating was to manipulate the judge in cell I24 to be as low as possible. After several(prenominal)(prenominal) trails and error, the final value of cell I24 was 0.00011316 and logK was 3.99. The second method was by simple manual calculation. The cardinal methods yielded two very disagreeent results. By manual calculation the obtained value for K was 37,108.6 3 M-1, which was indicative that the final EB labyrinthine of DNA was larger than that of unbound DNA and unbound EB. The high value of the binding constant (K), demonstrates that there is a high affinity of ethidium bromide to DNA. This correlates to the expected values of EtBr, which be reported to be in between 104 M to 106 M.INTRODUCTIONDNA plays an important role in biological arrangings being that it hold ups genic materials that is passed on to generations after generations. DNA contains sequences of specific initiations within the DNA strands where it stores genetic info that can be readily replicated (Jeremy M. Berg, 2015). It is this sequence that determines the sequence of RNA and other protein molecules and it also transports most of the activities within the cells. RNA discount is a key step in the expression of genetic randomness (Jeremy M. Berg, 2015, p. 859). DNA is more than tho a source of sequence information, but it is also the platform where binding pr oteins collate. This is an important factor for the suppuration of many clinical drugs. The structure and habit of drug targets argon the basis for designs of effective and specific inhibitors. though to be considered effective, the target drugs must bind to the enzymes or receptors with great affinity and specificity.Ethidium bromide, (EtBr), is widely utilize in many scientific laboratories to study the binding properties of DNA. Ethidium bromide is an aromatic dye that slips in between the base jibes of DNA. This binding of ethidium bromide to DNA is a process called intercalation. During this process, the structure of the DNA is changed and the distance among the base pairs in which it directly binds to increases. Resultant in the overall expansion of the dimension of DNA. Ethidium bromide exhibits diminutive base pair partiality containing moderate binding affinity depending on its ionic strength. The intercalation specificity depends greatly on inactive interactions and t he formation of Van der Waals interactions between base pairs. It has the capability to bind itself to the hydrophobic interior in the luxurious base pairs of DNA. However, Ethidium bromide is known to be a very potent mutagen, which is a chemical federal promoter that can cause mutation in DNA cells and other certain diseases such as cancer. It is called an intercalating agent due to its ability to inhibit cell growth, DNA replication and transcription.In this experiment, we ordain be standard the binding constant of the dye, ethidium bromide, using herring testes by method of absorption spectroscopy. Herring testes DNA (htDNA) is a natural DNA used in studies of DNA binding agents that modulate DNA structure and function (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc). This method involves titrating a series of solutions varying in DNA concentrations but with a constant concentration of the intercalating agent, ethidium bromide. By implementing this order of magnitude, it is likely to obtain samples wi th entirely unbound DNA and DNA that is saturated with ethidium. The solutions will run through the absorbance spectrometer at a wavelength of 480 nm. The absorbance measured will be used to search the bound ethidium. To determine the amount of bound ethidium the following expressions below is used, given that the information of D and E are known where E is the total ethidium bromide concentration and D is the total DNA concentration. This information will allow us to calculate the binding constant of ethidium toward DNA.The equilibriumD + E CD = DNAE = Ethidium BromideC = ComplexK = C / DE(1)Solve for KK = x/E xD x(2)Kx2 x(KD + KE + 1) +KDE = 0 (3)Determination of the amount of bound ethidium (amount of complex, C)Aobs = b x + f E x(4)b (480 nm) = 2,497 M-1 cm-1f (480 nm) = 5,600 M-1 cm-1EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESMATERIALS2 mM DNA (bp) stock solution with BPES mince2 M DNA (bp) stock solution with BPES buffer10 M stock solution of Ethidium BromideMicropipettesMicrocentrifuge tu besAbsorbance spectrometerPROCEDURES interpret the volume of stock DNA solution and the amount of buffer needed for each of the xix samples in the lead proceeding. *Refer to data tables*In the microcentrifuge tubes, make nineteen 1 mL DNA solutions by diluting from the 2 mM, and the 2 M DNA stock solutions with BPES buffer. Then add 10 L of ethidium bromide to the nineteen prepared solutions. Mix well and measure the absorbance at 480 nm. Record the absorbance for each of the nineteen solutions and use the information to calculate the binding constant K.RESULTS info TABLEAbsorbance at 480 nm-LogbpDNA(bp)Volume 2 mM DNA Solution (in L)Volume 2 M DNA Solution (in L)Volume of BPES buffer (in L)0.0183.00.001500.0XXXXXX500.00.0233.35.01187-10-4251.0XXXXXX749.00.0243.71.99526-10-4100.0XXXXXX900.00.0324.00.000150.0XXXXXX950.00.0324.35.01187-10-525.0XXXXXX975.00.0294.71.99526-10-510.0XXXXXX990.00.0325.00.000015.0XXXXXX995.00.0315.35.01187 -10-63.0XXXXXX997.00.0305.71.99526-10-61.0XXXXXX99 9.00.0326.00.000001XXXXXX500.0500.00.0336.35.01187-10-7XXXXXX251.0749.00.0336.72.51189-10-7XXXXXX100.0900.00.0327.00.0000001XXXXXX50.0950.00.0327.35.01187-10-8XXXXXX25.0975.00.0347.71.99526-10-8XXXXXX10.0990.00.0358.00.00000001XXXXXX5.0995.00.0358.35.01187-10-9XXXXXX2.5997.50.0338.72.51189-10-9XXXXXX1.0999.00.0309.00.000000001XXXXXX0.5999.5DATA GRAPH CALCULATIONSSample Calculation for KUsing sample 4Known InformationAobs = b x + f E xAobs = 0.032b (480 nm) = 2,497 M-1 cm-1Einitial = 10 M = 1.0 -10-5 Mf (480 nm) = 5,600 M-1 cm-1DNA(bp)initial = log(bp) = -4.0 = 1.0 -10-4 MSolve for X Aobs = b x + f E x0.032 = (2497 M-1cm-1)x + (5600 M-1cm-1)(1.0 -10-5 M) xx = 7.73943 -10-6 MPlug in value of x to form for KK = x/E xD xK = (7.739 -10-6 M)( 1.0 -10-5 M) (7.739 -10-6 M)( 1.0 -10-4 M) (7.739 -10-6 M)K = (7.73943 -10-6 M) 2.26057 -10-6 M9.22606 -10-5 MK = (7.73943 -10-6 M) (2.0856148 -10-10 M2)K = 37108.63 M-1K = 3.71 -104 M-1FINAL jump WORKSHEET After refinementDISCUSSIONThe pr inciple behind this lab experiment was to determine the binding constant of ethidium bromide to DNA using the known concentrations and the calculated value of X obtained from the equation. Ethidium bromide is said to have a high affinity to DNA, therefore, the expected value for the binding constant should be large. However, two methods were used to obtain the value K (binding constant). The first method was by using excel worksheet and inputting our data. The main tendency was to manipulate the value in cell I24 to be as low as possible. After several trails and error, the final value of cell I24 was 0.00011316 and logK was 3.99, if you take the antilog of that value K would equal to approx. 9772.37, which is low in comparison to method two which was d 1 by manual calculation. By manual calculation the obtained value for K was 37,108.63 M-1 which indicates that the final EB complex of DNA was larger than that of unbound DNA and unbound EB. The high value of the binding constant (K ), demonstrates that there is a high affinity of ethidium bromide to DNA. This correlates to the expected values of EtBr, which are reported to be in between 104 M to 106 M.Using a buffer that does not contain added NaCl, such as BPE, will have different results than that of a buffer with NaCl, such as BPES. The BPE buffer will yield a lower binding constant than that measured in BPES buffer. It is well known that the interaction within the process of intercalation is driven by electrostatic factors and -stacking with the bases (lab manual). The electrostatic binding of ethidium bromide to DNA has a preference to binding to the phosphate backbone the DNA strand. The DNA-ligand binding is salt-dependent due to the counter-ion eat up thats carried out during binding. This is indicative that the salt component in the buffer demonstrates a relatively greater stableness in DNA due to its preference to the binding site within the GC-rich DNA region. With that said, it is apparent that an far positive charge is essential for intercalation. The positive charge on the intercalation diminishes as the aromatic system increases.Like ethidium bromide, Actinomycin D is another known intercalator with a high affinity to DNA. Though the two differ by means of binding sites. Actinomycin D intercalates at GC sites, which indicates that the two intercalators would not compete with one another at the exact binding sites. Therefore, by adding Actinomycin to a solution of herring testes DNA Ethidium bromide, resulting in two different results. An example of the plot is shown belowThe plot is simply an example of what it might olfactory perception like. There are a lot of variables that must be considered in choosing the proper intercalator. Factors to consider are concentrations of solutions and DNA, buffers, whether its a low salt concentration or high salt concentration buffer. The difference in buffers could possibly yield two very different results. Another factor to conside r is the magnitude of the absorbance. alone these factors combined could hinder the final outcome, so it is hard to conclude exactly how the actinomycin D would react in combination with ethidium bromide to DNA within this experiment.REFERENCESJeremy M. Berg, J. L. (2015). Biochemistry 8th ed. Kate Ahr Parker.Eva M. Talavera, Pablo Guerrero, Francisco Ocana, and Jose M. Alvarez-Pez, Photophysical and Direct Determination of Binding Constants of Ethidium Bromide Complexed to E. coli DNA, Appl. Spectrosc. 56, 362-369 (2002)Fuller, W., and M. J. Waring. 1964. A Molecular model for the interaction of ethidium bromide with deoxyribonucleic acid. Ber. Bunsen Ges. Phys. Chem. 68805-808.Qiao C, Bi S, Sun Y, Song D, Zhang H, cream puff W (2008) Study of interactions of anthraquinones with DNA using ethidium bromide as a fluorescence probe. Spectrochim Acta A 70 136-143Graves, D. E., C. L. Watkins, and L. W. Yielding. 1981. Ethidium bromide and its photoreactive analogues spectroscopic anal ysis of deoxyribonucleic acid binding properties. Biochemistry. 201887-1892. PubMedSuh D, Chaires J B (1995) Criteria for the mode of binding of DNA binding agents. Bioorg Mediclin Chem 3(6) 723-728